State two examples of primary data collection methods

Question (2 marks): State two examples of primary data collection methods that could be used in a river fieldwork enquiry.

Mark scheme (2 marks — 1 per valid method):

• Measuring river width using a tape measure (1).
• Measuring river velocity using a flow meter / float-and-stopwatch method (1).
• Measuring depth using a metre rule at set intervals (1).
• Bedload analysis using calipers / Powers Roundness Index (1).
• Questionnaires with local residents about flood history (1).
• Field sketch / annotated photograph of channel features (1).

Maximum 2 marks. Method must be clearly primary and appropriate to a river enquiry.