Layers of the tropical rainforest

Question 2 (4 marks)

Name and describe two layers of the tropical rainforest and explain how plants are adapted to each layer.

Mark scheme (AO1, 4 marks — 2 per layer):

• Canopy (20–40 m): Dense continuous layer of tree crowns; 70–80% of species. Adaptations: leaves positioned to maximise light capture; drip tips allow water to run off (1–2 marks)
• Forest floor (0 m): Very dark; little light reaches here. Adaptations: large leaves to capture tiny amounts of light; rapid decomposition; thin humus layer (1–2 marks)
• Emergent (40–60 m): Tallest trees projecting above canopy; exposed to wind/drought. Adaptations: buttress roots for stability; waxy leaves to reduce water loss (1–2 marks)
• Accept any two layers with accurate description and plant adaptation